Kline translates Ovid's Metamorphoses 1.151-155 as: In Ovid's telling of the myth, the Giants attempt to reach the gods in heaven by stacking mountains, but are repelled by Jupiter's thunderbolts. In Greek mythology, much of which was adopted by the Romans, there is a myth referred to as the Gigantomachy, the battle fought between the Giants and the Olympian gods for supremacy of the cosmos. The " minimalist" scholars tend to see the books of Genesis through 2 Kings as written by a single, anonymous author during the Hellenistic period. Other scholars reject the documentary hypothesis all together. : 51 John Van Seters, who has put forth substantial modifications to the hypothesis, suggests that these verses are part of what he calls a "Pre-Yahwistic stage". Michael Coogan suggests the intentional word play regarding the city of Babel, and the noise of the people's "babbling" is found in the Hebrew words as easily as in English, is considered typical of the Yahwist source. Scholars who favor this hypothesis, such as Richard Elliot Friedman, tend to see the Genesis 11:1–9 as being composed by the J or Jahwist/Yahwist source. Many scholars subscribe to some form of the documentary hypothesis, which argues that the Pentateuch is composed of multiple "sources" that were later merged. Modern biblical scholarship rejects Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch, but is divided on the question of its authorship. Jewish and Christian tradition attributes the composition of the whole Pentateuch, which includes the story of the Tower of Babel, to Moses. This reading of the text sees God's actions not as a punishment for pride, but as an etiology of cultural differences, presenting Babel as the cradle of civilization. There have, however, been some contemporary challenges to this classical interpretation, with emphasis placed on the explicit motive of cultural and linguistic homogeneity mentioned in the narrative (v. The 1st-century Jewish interpretation found in Flavius Josephus explains the construction of the tower as a hubristic act of defiance against God ordered by the arrogant tyrant Nimrod. The story's theme of competition between God and humans appears elsewhere in Genesis, in the story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. : 51 Thus, humans were divided into linguistic groups, unable to understand one another. God was concerned that humans had blasphemed by building the tower to avoid a second flood so God brought into existence multiple languages. : 426 The story of the Tower of Babel explains the origins of the multiplicity of languages. Etiologies are narratives that explain the origin of a custom, ritual, geographical feature, name, or other phenomenon. The narrative of the tower of Babel is an etiology or explanation of a phenomenon. According to the Bible, the city received the name "Babel" from the Hebrew verb בָּלַ֥ל ( bālal), meaning to jumble or to confuse. However, that form and interpretation itself are now usually thought to be the result of an Akkadian folk etymology applied to an earlier form of the name, Babilla, of unknown meaning and probably non-Semitic origin. The native, Akkadian name of the city was Bāb-ilim, meaning "gate of God". The original derivation of the name Babel (also the Hebrew name for Babylon) is uncertain. The phrase "Tower of Babel" does not appear in the Bible it is always "the city and the tower" ( אֶת-הָעִיר וְאֶת-הַמִּגְדָּל) or just "the city" ( הָעִיר). 9 Therefore it was called Babel, because there the LORD confused the language of all the earth, and from there the LORD scattered them abroad over the face of all the earth. 7 Come, let us go down and confuse their language there, so that they will not understand one another’s speech." 8 So the LORD scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. 6 And the LORD said, "Look, they are one people, and they have all one language, and this is only the beginning of what they will do nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. 4 Then they said, "Come, let us build ourselves a city and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves otherwise we shall be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth." 5 The LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which mortals had built. 3 And they said to one another, "Come, let us make bricks and fire them thoroughly." And they had brick for stone and bitumen for mortar. 2 And as they migrated from the east, they came upon a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. 1370s) depiction of the construction of the towerġ Now the whole earth had one language and the same words.
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